先说明:这是一份沟通用的对照表,不是诊断工具。查到一个词不等于知道自己得了什么病——判断交给医生。如果出现胸痛、呼吸困难、突发无力或言语不清、意识改变、大出血,不要查表,直接叫 911。
这一篇是拿来查的,不是拿来读的。建议收藏,需要时在页面里搜索关键词。
用之前,先记住三件事
- 你不需要会说医学术语。日常说法医生完全听得懂,有时还更准确——说 heart attack 和说 myocardial infarction 效果一样,说 trouble swallowing 甚至比说 dysphagia 更清楚。术语那一栏是给你"看懂医生和病历"用的,不是要求你说出口。
- 拿不准就描述现象,别硬套词。"站起来的时候眼前发黑十几秒"比纠结该用 dizzy 还是 lightheaded 有用得多。
- 写病史时用标准病名,说症状时用日常说法。这是两个不同的场合,用词标准不一样。
这份表不替代口译。它解决的是"想不起那个词",而诊室里的追问、解释和确认理解,仍然需要语言。
免费口译是法定权利,两者叠加使用效果最好。
全身症状
| 中文 | 日常说法 | 医学术语 |
| 发烧 | fever | pyrexia |
| 发冷、打寒战 | chills | rigors |
| 盗汗 | night sweats | — |
| 乏力、疲劳 | feeling tired all the time | fatigue |
| 没劲、使不上力 | weakness | — |
| 体重下降 | losing weight without trying | unintentional weight loss |
| 食欲差 | not hungry / no appetite | anorexia |
| 晕倒 | passing out / fainting | syncope |
| 浮肿 | swelling | edema |
| 淋巴结肿大 | swollen glands | lymphadenopathy |
| 怕冷 / 怕热 | always cold / always hot | cold / heat intolerance |
头颈
| 中文 | 日常说法 | 医学术语 |
| 头痛 | headache | cephalalgia |
| 偏头痛 | migraine | — |
| 后脑勺胀痛 | pressure at the back of my head | — |
| 颈痛、脖子僵 | neck pain / stiff neck | — |
| 面部麻木 | numbness in my face | facial numbness |
| 下颌痛 | jaw pain | — |
眼、耳、鼻、喉
| 中文 | 日常说法 | 医学术语 |
| 视力模糊 | blurry vision | — |
| 看东西重影 | double vision | diplopia |
| 眼前有飞蚊 | floaters | — |
| 眼睛发红 | red eye | conjunctivitis(如为结膜炎) |
| 眼干 | dry eyes | — |
| 耳鸣 | ringing in my ears | tinnitus |
| 听力下降 | hearing loss | — |
| 耳朵疼 | earache / ear pain | otalgia |
| 耳朵发堵 | my ear feels full / plugged | aural fullness |
| 鼻塞 | stuffy nose | nasal congestion |
| 流鼻涕 | runny nose | rhinorrhea |
| 流鼻血 | nosebleed | epistaxis |
| 咽痛 | sore throat | pharyngitis(如为咽炎) |
| 声音嘶哑 | hoarse voice | hoarseness |
| 吞咽困难 | trouble swallowing | dysphagia |
| 口腔溃疡 | mouth sores / canker sores | oral ulcers |
呼吸
| 中文 | 日常说法 | 医学术语 |
| 咳嗽 | cough | — |
| 干咳 | dry cough | nonproductive cough |
| 有痰 | coughing up phlegm | productive cough / sputum |
| 咳血 | coughing up blood | hemoptysis |
| 气短、喘不上气 | shortness of breath | dyspnea |
| 喘鸣音 | wheezing | — |
| 胸闷 | chest tightness | — |
| 躺下就喘 | can't breathe lying flat | orthopnea |
心血管
| 中文 | 日常说法 | 医学术语 |
| 胸痛 | chest pain | angina(如为心绞痛) |
| 胸口压迫感 | pressure in my chest | — |
| 心慌、心悸 | my heart is racing / pounding | palpitations |
| 心跳不规则 | skipped beats | irregular heartbeat |
| 下肢水肿 | swollen legs / ankles | peripheral edema |
| 走路腿疼、歇一下好 | leg pain when I walk, better when I rest | claudication |
消化
| 中文 | 日常说法 | 医学术语 |
| 恶心 | nausea / feeling sick to my stomach | — |
| 呕吐 | throwing up / vomiting | emesis |
| 烧心 | heartburn | pyrosis |
| 反酸 | acid coming up | acid reflux |
| 腹胀 | bloating | abdominal distension |
| 腹痛 | stomach pain / belly pain | abdominal pain |
| 腹泻 | diarrhea / loose stools | — |
| 便秘 | constipation | — |
| 便血 | blood in my stool | hematochezia |
| 黑便 | black, tarry stools | melena |
| 吐血 | vomiting blood | hematemesis |
| 皮肤、眼白发黄 | yellow skin or eyes | jaundice |
| 打嗝 | hiccups | — |
| 嗳气 | burping | eructation |
| 肛门痛、痔疮 | hemorrhoids | — |
泌尿
| 中文 | 日常说法 | 医学术语 |
| 尿频 | peeing more often than usual | urinary frequency |
| 尿急 | sudden urge to go | urgency |
| 尿痛 | burning when I pee | dysuria |
| 血尿 | blood in my urine | hematuria |
| 夜尿多 | getting up at night to pee | nocturia |
| 尿不出来 / 尿线细 | hard to start / weak stream | hesitancy |
| 漏尿 | leaking urine | incontinence |
肌肉骨骼
| 中文 | 日常说法 | 医学术语 |
| 关节痛 | joint pain | arthralgia |
| 关节肿 | swollen joint | joint swelling |
| 晨僵 | stiff in the morning | morning stiffness |
| 腰痛 | lower back pain | lumbago |
| 肌肉酸痛 | muscle aches | myalgia |
| 抽筋 | cramps | — |
| 扭伤 | sprain | — |
| 骨折 | broken bone | fracture |
神经
| 中文 | 日常说法 | 医学术语 |
| 麻(没感觉) | numbness | — |
| 麻(针刺、过电) | tingling / pins and needles | paresthesia |
| 无力 | weakness on one side | hemiparesis(一侧) |
| 手抖 | shaky hands | tremor |
| 抽搐 | seizure | convulsion |
| 言语不清 | slurred speech | dysarthria |
| 说不出话 / 找不到词 | trouble finding words | aphasia |
| 记忆力下降 | memory problems | cognitive impairment |
| 走路不稳 | trouble with balance | gait instability |
| 天旋地转 | the room is spinning | vertigo |
皮肤
| 中文 | 日常说法 | 医学术语 |
| 皮疹 | rash | — |
| 瘙痒 | itching | pruritus |
| 荨麻疹 | hives | urticaria |
| 皮肤干 | dry skin | xerosis |
| 淤青 | bruising easily | ecchymosis |
| 伤口不愈合 | a wound that won't heal | — |
| 痣变了 | a mole that changed | changing nevus |
| 脱发 | hair loss | alopecia |
精神与心理
| 中文 | 日常说法 | 医学术语 |
| 情绪低落 | feeling down / hopeless | depressed mood |
| 没兴趣、提不起劲 | nothing feels enjoyable anymore | anhedonia |
| 焦虑 | anxious / on edge | anxiety |
| 失眠 | trouble falling or staying asleep | insomnia |
| 惊恐发作 | panic attack | — |
| 注意力不集中 | can't concentrate | — |
| 有伤害自己的念头 | thoughts of hurting myself | suicidal ideation |
最后一行请直接说出口。心理健康的问题在诊室里说出来是安全的,医生受过训练,不会评判。也可以随时拨打或发短信到 988(全美自杀与危机热线,24 小时,可要求中文口译)。
妇科
| 中文 | 日常说法 | 医学术语 |
| 月经不规律 | irregular periods | — |
| 经量多 | heavy periods | menorrhagia |
| 痛经 | painful periods / cramps | dysmenorrhea |
| 停经 | missed period | amenorrhea |
| 非经期出血 | bleeding between periods | intermenstrual bleeding |
| 分泌物异常 | unusual discharge | vaginal discharge |
| 潮热 | hot flashes | vasomotor symptoms |
带孩子看病常用
| 中文 | 日常说法 | 医学术语 |
| 发烧 | fever(要报体温和测量方式) | — |
| 耳朵疼、揪耳朵 | pulling at his ear | otitis media(如为中耳炎) |
| 不肯吃、不肯喝 | not eating / not drinking | poor oral intake |
| 哭闹不止、哄不好 | inconsolable crying | — |
| 异常嗜睡 | unusually sleepy, hard to wake | lethargy |
| 尿布湿得少 | fewer wet diapers | decreased urine output |
| 出疹子 | rash | — |
儿科有一句必须会说:"He/She has fewer wet diapers than usual."(尿布湿得比平时少)——这是医生判断脱水最看重的信息之一,而多数家长不会主动提。
常见病名(写病史时用这一栏)
| 中文 | 英文 | 常用缩写 |
| 高血压 | Hypertension | HTN |
| 2 型糖尿病 | Type 2 Diabetes | T2DM |
| 高血脂 | Hyperlipidemia | HLD |
| 冠心病 | Coronary Artery Disease | CAD |
| 心肌梗死 | Heart attack / Myocardial infarction | MI |
| 心力衰竭 | Heart failure | CHF |
| 心房颤动 | Atrial fibrillation | AFib |
| 脑梗死 | Ischemic stroke | CVA |
| 脑出血 | Hemorrhagic stroke | ICH |
| 短暂性脑缺血发作 | Transient ischemic attack | TIA |
| 哮喘 | Asthma | — |
| 慢性阻塞性肺病 | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | COPD |
| 肺炎 | Pneumonia | — |
| 肺结核 | Tuberculosis | TB |
| 睡眠呼吸暂停 | Sleep apnea | OSA |
| 胃食管反流病 | Gastroesophageal reflux disease | GERD |
| 胃溃疡 | Peptic ulcer disease | PUD |
| 幽门螺杆菌感染 | H. pylori infection | — |
| 脂肪肝 | Fatty liver disease | — |
| 乙型肝炎 | Hepatitis B | HBV |
| 丙型肝炎 | Hepatitis C | HCV |
| 肝硬化 | Cirrhosis | — |
| 胆结石 | Gallstones | — |
| 肾结石 | Kidney stones | — |
| 慢性肾病 | Chronic kidney disease | CKD |
| 痛风 | Gout | — |
| 类风湿关节炎 | Rheumatoid arthritis | RA |
| 骨关节炎 | Osteoarthritis | OA |
| 骨质疏松 | Osteoporosis | — |
| 甲状腺功能减退 | Hypothyroidism | — |
| 甲状腺功能亢进 | Hyperthyroidism | — |
| 贫血 | Anemia | — |
| 缺铁性贫血 | Iron deficiency anemia | IDA |
| 地中海贫血 | Thalassemia | — |
| 良性前列腺增生 | Benign prostatic hyperplasia | BPH |
| 白内障 | Cataract | — |
| 青光眼 | Glaucoma | — |
| 带状疱疹 | Shingles | — |
| 湿疹 | Eczema | — |
| 银屑病 | Psoriasis | — |
| 偏头痛 | Migraine | — |
| 癫痫 | Epilepsy | — |
| 帕金森病 | Parkinson's disease | PD |
| 阿尔茨海默病 | Alzheimer's disease | AD |
| 抑郁症 | Depression | MDD |
| 焦虑症 | Anxiety disorder | GAD |
手术与检查
| 中文 | 英文 | 常用缩写 |
| 胆囊切除术 | Cholecystectomy | — |
| 阑尾切除术 | Appendectomy | — |
| 疝气修补 | Hernia repair | — |
| 剖腹产 | Cesarean section | C-section |
| 子宫切除术 | Hysterectomy | — |
| 甲状腺切除术 | Thyroidectomy | — |
| 扁桃体切除术 | Tonsillectomy | — |
| 冠脉支架植入 | Coronary stent placement | PCI |
| 冠脉搭桥 | Bypass surgery | CABG |
| 髋 / 膝关节置换 | Hip / Knee replacement | THA / TKA |
| 白内障手术 | Cataract surgery | — |
| 胃镜 | Upper endoscopy | EGD |
| 肠镜 | Colonoscopy | — |
| 活检 | Biopsy | — |
| 血常规 | Complete Blood Count | CBC |
| 心电图 | Electrocardiogram | EKG / ECG |
| 心脏超声 | Echocardiogram | Echo |
| 核磁共振 | MRI | — |
| CT 扫描 | CT scan | — |
| 乳腺 X 线 | Mammogram | — |
| 骨密度 | Bone density scan | DEXA |
说不上来的时候
三个都很有效的办法:
· 用手指。"It hurts right here." ——指出来永远比描述准。
· 描述现象,不挑词。"When I stand up, the room spins for about ten seconds."
· 直接说不会说。"I don't know the English word — can we get an interpreter?" 这句话本身就完全够用。
这份表的目的不是让你说得像医生,而是让你不必因为想不起一个词,就把一个重要的症状咽回去。
用法上的建议:看病前对着那份症状一页纸把词查好写上,比临场翻手机从容得多;长期病史里的病名和手术名,写进那份一次写好能用很多年的病史摘要,以后每次就诊直接带走。